An Introduction to Canadian Higher Education

Canada is an increasingly popular choice for international post-secondary study. International students accounted for 21.2% of new university and college enrolments during the Canadian 2022/23 academic year.

Canada is home to some of the world’s best and most affordable post-secondary institutions. How can students decide which educational pathway is right for them when there are so many different post-secondary study options available?

In this section, we’ll break down Canada’s post-secondary study options and help you navigate the many options for university and pathway programs.

Designated Learning Institutions (DLIs)

A Designated Learning Institution (DLI) is a school approved by the provincial or territorial government to host international students. It is strongly recommended that international students choose to attend a DLI.

All primary and secondary schools are Designated Learning Institutions, but not all post-secondary institutions in Canada are DLIs. The Government of Canada lists all approved DLIs on their website(opens in a new tab).

International students can study at institutions that don’t have this designation, but only students who attend school at DLIs can work while they study. More importantly, only graduates from the approved list of programs at DLIs are eligible for a Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP), which allows students to legally stay and work in Canada after they graduate. 

The Government of Canada website currently states that if an international student’s school loses its DLI status after the student receives their study permit, students can: 

• Keep studying their program until the permit expires
• Students can only renew their permit when it expires if they're enrolled at a DLI

If a student has received their study permit but has deferred their studies, and their school loses its DLI status before the program begins:

• The student cannot begin their studies at that institution
• The student must apply and be accepted at another school with DLI status

Universities

Want to study at a well-established university in one of the world’s most livable and diverse countries? 
Consider Canada. 

30 Canadian universities feature in QS’ 2025 World University Rankings, with three institutions in the top 50, and 12 in the top 300.

Canada’s universities range from small liberal arts institutions to large, research-focused institutions with global reputations, so students can choose which learning environment best suits their educational needs and career goals. Canadian university graduates leave with internationally recognized and respected degrees.

Canadian universities grant a full range of degrees, including 3-4 year bachelor’s degrees, 1-2 year master’s degrees, and doctorate degrees (PhDs). Canadian institutions also grant professional degrees including medicine, law, dentistry, architecture, and business. Some professional certificates, diplomas, and shorter programs can also be completed independently or in conjunction with a degree.

Here are some reasons why students choose to study at Canadian universities:

1. Canada provides quality and choice. There are 223 universities to study at, offering over 10,000 different undergraduate and graduate program options in over 700 fields of study.
2. According to the QS 2025 Best Student Cities Ranking, Canada has 3 of the top 20 best student cities globally: Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. 
3. Canada has seven universities that rank within the top 150 for graduate employability, according to the QS 2024 Graduate Employability Ranking.
4. The QS 2018 Higher Education System Strength Rankings rates Canada’s system as the fifth strongest among 75 other countries.

Affordable Education at Top-Ranked Institutions

While Canadian universities are among the highest in rank and education quality, they are more affordable than competing markets. Canadian tuition rates and living costs are lower on average than the other most popular study destinations in the world. https://flo.uri.sh/visualisation/21889435/embed

Tuition fees vary depending on which program students choose to pursue and which region they decide to live in. This chart gives you an idea of the comparative costs. Always refer to each school's program pages for the most up-to-date tuition data.

Unique Canadian Programs

Have you ever dreamed about becoming an oceanographer at a top research institute? How about a Northern Studies expert who tackles polar research? Interested in studying the energy industry, international forestry, or biomedicine?

In addition to traditional programs in sciences, arts, and humanities, Canadian universities offer many unique programs such as:

• Aerospace Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering) at Toronto Metropolitan University
• Ocean Physics (Bachelor of Science) at Memorial University of Newfoundland
• Sustainable and Renewable Energy - Smart Tech for Power Generation (Bachelor of Engineering) at Carleton University
• Creative Industries (Bachelor of Arts) at Toronto Metropolitan University
• Animal Biology (Bachelor of Science) at the University of Guelph
• Business Administration (BBA) and Computer Science (BSc) (Double Degree Co-op Program) at Wilfrid Laurier University
• Data Sciences (French Immersion Stream) (Bachelor of Science) at the University of Ottawa
• Biomedical Technology (Master of Biomedical Technology) at the University of Calgary
• Northern Studies (Bachelor of Arts) at the University of Northern British Columbia

These are just a few of the unique programs that Canadian universities have to offer. These programs provide international students with specialized, expert knowledge in their field of study, providing them with a competitive advantage in the workforce in Canada or in their home country.

Colleges, Vocational Schools, and CEGEPS

Colleges

Colleges and institutes focus on providing an applied, technical education to prepare students for a specialized career path. College class sizes are usually smaller than university class sizes, allowing teachers to spend more time with their students and provide practical, hands-on educational experience.

Colleges and institutes work closely with businesses and industries to create customized programs that cater to what employers need. They often provide internship opportunities, co-op programs, and work placements, giving students the experience they need to kickstart their careers.

The decision to attend college rather than university is becoming more popular for students who have a more practical and career-focused education goal. The number of students who hold a university degree and decide to attend college has doubled since 2010, according to Statistics Canada. This indicates that an increasing number of university graduates are turning to college to gain the practical experience needed for employment.

Students can earn diplomas, certificates, and postgraduate diplomas at Canadian colleges. Many colleges and institutes also offer university transfer programs, apprenticeship programs, and some offer academic and applied degrees.

Canada is home to 213 publicly funded colleges, institutes, and polytechnics, with over 10,000 programs to choose from.

• Agriculture and agri-food
• Broadcasting and journalism
• Business
• Dental hygiene
• Design
• Engineering technology
• Environment

• Health
• Hospitality management
• Information and communications technology
• Languages and arts
• Sciences
• Social services

Vocational Schools and CEGEPs

Vocational schools (also called career, technical, or trade schools) offer occupation-specific programs geared towards helping students go directly from school into their chosen careers. These programs can range from a few months to one or two years, and often include a work component. 

Examples of vocational training programs include medical assisting, automotive repair, flight training, culinary arts, and computer support. Graduates from a vocational school or career program earn a completion certificate from their school. This certificate is often referred to as a “career diploma” by vocational schools, but it is not equivalent to a college diploma.

A CEGEP is a publicly-funded post-secondary institution only present in the province of Quebec. The term is a French acronym for Collège D’Enseignement Général et Professionnel, which translates to General and Vocational College. 

A CEGEP offers pre-university and technical programs which lead to a “Diploma of College Studies,” the equivalent of grade 12 plus the first year of university studies. 

For students in Quebec, completion of CEGEP is a prerequisite for admission into year two (of four) in Quebec universities. The purpose of CEGEPs is to make post-secondary education more accessible in Quebec, with the added benefit of ensuring that students have adequate educational training to succeed in university.

Program Types and Designations

Designations offered to students in the Canadian post-secondary education system include degrees, diplomas, and certificates.

The designation students earn depends on the type of program they’re enrolled in and the type of post-secondary institution they study at.

Degrees

Degrees are typically granted by universities after the completion of an academic program, but the type of degree depends on the type of program. Some colleges also grant degrees.

• Bachelor’s degrees are awarded after four years of full-time study. There are some three-year bachelor's and two-year associate bachelor’s degrees offered at Canadian schools, but they are uncommon. Bachelor’s degrees are typically the first designation that a university student pursues.
• Master’s degrees are available after a bachelor's degree for further specialization in a student’s chosen field of study. They are typically 1-2 years in duration. Master’s degrees can be course-based, like an MBA, or research/thesis-based, depending on the specific program.
• Doctorate or PhD programs are typically research-based and require students to have found a research supervisor at the university they are applying to. A PhD is typically earned in three to seven years and cannot be pursued without a master’s degree first. A PhD is the highest university degree awarded at most universities.

Diplomas

College diplomas are earned after the completion of a college program and fall into one of the following three categories:

• A regular diploma is granted at the end of an accredited two-year program.
• An advanced diploma is granted after the completion of a three-year program.
• Postgraduate diploma programs are typically one or two years in length and can be pursued after a regular or advanced diploma, or a bachelor’s degree.

Certificates

Certificates are awarded after completing a short course in a particular subject. 

Certificate programs are typically less than a year in duration and are offered by many universities, colleges, and vocational schools. They are often used for professional development and continuing education or to complement other degrees or diplomas.

One of the top advantages of studying in Canada is the flexibility of its post-secondary education system.

Multiple pathways open to post-secondary education after students receive their high school diploma. Students can combine their education experience with various degree, diploma, and certificate programs at different Canadian post-secondary institutions to suit their interests, career goals, and learning preferences. This gives them a customized education, supporting their success.

For example, some students choose to go to college first and earn a diploma before obtaining their bachelor’s degree at a university. Students sometimes switch from one program to another at the same school or even transfer to a different institution as they discover new interests and strengths. It’s also common for students to couple their bachelor’s degree with a postgraduate diploma afterwards to gain more hands-on, industry-focused experience in their chosen field.

Many Canadian post-secondary institutions share a strong relationship, which can make it easier for students to transfer between different levels and types of education. Courses completed at one institution are often recognized by others, ensuring that the student is not retaking similar courses and can continue with their studies.

Levels of Post-Secondary Education

Post-secondary education has two levels: undergraduate and postgraduate studies. 

1. Undergraduate
   Undergraduate programs are the first level of post-secondary education that students enrol in. Undergraduate qualifications include bachelor’s degrees, regular diplomas, advanced diplomas, and some certificates.
2. Postgraduate
   Postgraduate programs are the second level of a post-secondary education. Students must graduate from undergraduate level of study before pursuing postgraduate studies. Postgraduate qualifications include master’s degrees, doctoral degrees (PhDs), postgraduate diplomas, and some certificates.

**= Traditionally offered only by universities, but more recently available at some colleges for select programs.

Pathway Programs

Pathway programs bridge the gap between the qualifications a student has earned in their home country and the qualifications required to enter into a Canadian post-secondary institution. 

There are both language and academic pathway programs available for international students.

International students who would like to study in Canada can attend a prerequisite or preparatory program to prepare for their main study program, or to meet the entry requirements for their desired post-secondary education.

This initial educational step is called a pathway program, as it opens doors to Canada’s many post-secondary pathways afterward.

English Language Pathway Programs

English language programs are the most common type of pathway programs. These language programs are designed to improve the student’s communication skills in order to satisfy the language requirements for admission into their desired program. These programs also have a social component, with events and activities that can help students become accustomed to Canadian culture and life in Canada. 

Many Canadian colleges and universities offer English language programs through their own English Language Institutes. Students graduating from these programs can enroll directly into the academic programs at those colleges or universities, provided that they meet the academic requirements. There are two different types of language pathway programs:

Standard

A student enrolls in a language course with the goal of passing a recognized language test, such as IELTS or TOEFL. The language course may include practice or preparation for these tests. This type of program is known simply as a pathway program.

Seamless

Some receiving institutions have agreements with language schools to accept students who have finished the language course, without the requirement of a recognized test result. This type of program is known as a seamless pathway program.

In some cases, students can simultaneously apply for admission into the language program and into their academic program. They will receive a conditional offer of admission if they meet the academic admission criteria. The conditional offer of admission requires the successful completion of the language program. 

Some institutions allow a student to begin taking academic courses while also participating in the English language classes and activities. Language pathway programs are also offered by IELTS, TOEFL, and other recognized language assessment bodies, as well as by private preparatory education providers, such as Kaplan and Pearson.

Academic Pathway Programs

Academic pathway programs focus on academic subjects, offering students foundational courses in math, the sciences, business, arts, and more. These programs improve a student's subject knowledge so they can meet the prerequisite course requirements for admission into undergraduate and graduate programs. 

A pathway course is designed to give a student's current qualifications a boost, allowing them to enroll in a university or college program and be fully prepared for the subject-specific studies.

Popular Programs and the Canadian Job Market

Student graduation and employment success rates for certain programs are even higher for international students than their Canadian counterparts, according to Statistics Canada. 

As of 2023, international students graduate at increasing rates. 88.6% of international student graduates secure employment within three years of graduation. Bachelor's degree holders earn a median annual salary of C$52,000, while master's degree holders' median salaries are C$70,000.

Canada's diverse job market ensures that graduates have access to roles in multiple industries, from business and tech to health care and engineering. With strong post-graduation pathways, Canada remains a top destination for international students looking to build a successful future. 

Popular Programs

One significant factor in determining an international student’s career opportunities after graduation is their study program. 

The most popular programs among international students are often tied directly to gaps in the Canadian workforce. International students most commonly enrol in fields that give them a competitive edge in the Canadian and global job market, including business and management, public administration, architecture and engineering, physical and life sciences, and technology.

Application Requirements and Timelines

Many Canadian schools evaluate students comprehensively, meaning that they require additional documentation when considering applications. These supplementary documents may include personal statements, essays, resumes, or GRE/GMAT scores. 

Supplementary documents have the potential to make a student’s application stand out from other applicants--they should be seen as an opportunity to shine! If a program requests these documents, be sure the student includes them in their application to avoid being disqualified.

Application Timelines

Intakes for Canadian colleges and universities occur in the fall, winter, and summer. However, fall is the largest intake. September is considered the official start of the school year in Canada for K-12 students and post-secondary students alike. 

Many university programs only offer admissions in the fall.

Some private colleges and vocational schools have new classes starting every one to two months, depending on the program. Students can apply to begin their education at any point in the year at these institutions. 

Some institutions offer rolling admissions, which means they review applications and issue admission decisions as applications are submitted, then close the program once all the spots are filled. Other schools only make admission decisions after the application deadline. 

Some highly competitive programs also have optional early-bird deadlines which students can take advantage of if they want to get ahead of the crowd or hear their admission results sooner. Institutions also may have different application deadlines for different programs.

Application deadlines vary widely, so always check for the institution’s most recent application deadlines published on their admissions and programs pages. 

* Some institutions have rolling intake seasons with classes starting every one to two months, not only in September, January, and May. Many institutions offer rolling admission, where applications are processed as they are submitted, and close once the number of available spots are filled.  Other schools only make admission decisions after the application deadline.

**Application deadlines for the Fall intake vary depending on the school, program, and where the student is coming from. A high-demand program could close earlier than other programs. In general, Fall intake deadlines can be any time from February to August.

Application Processing Times

Processing times vary widely from school to school. Some schools can take up to 60 days after the application deadline to process an application and issue a Letter of Acceptance (LOA), while others can be much faster.

Students must have a Letter of Acceptance in order to apply for a Canadian study permit. So, it is strongly recommended to apply as early as possible to allow enough time to secure a visa, make travel and accommodation plans, and get a study permit.

Grade Point Average (GPA) Requirements

In most parts of the Canadian education system, grades can factor heavily into the opportunities available to a student after graduation. A student's grade point average, or GPA, can determine which schools they can apply to, which post-secondary programs they are eligible for, and which scholarships they may benefit from.

Students are required to maintain a minimum GPA to remain in a program. Requirements range from 2.0 to 4.0, depending on the institution and program requirements. That said, achieving a higher GPA can open up additional opportunities.

• Grades in High SchoolCanadian secondary schools (or high schools) typically require a passing grade of at least 50%.
  Students must submit proof of their high school diploma completion or equivalent and their high school transcripts when they apply to undergraduate programs.
• GPAs in College and UniversityGrades achieved in college or university are evaluated using the institution’s preferred GPA scale. 
  Final grades appear on the student's academic record as a grade point each term, and are combined to calculate an overall GPA each year.
• GPAs in Postgraduate ProgramsJust as high school grades are evaluated to determine a student's eligibility for an undergraduate program, GPAs achieved in undergraduate or college programs determine a student’s eligibility for post-graduate master's or doctoral programs.

GPA Scales

Many Canadian institutions use a 4.0 scale, but others use a 4.3 scale, a 5-point scale, or a 10-point scale. Others use letter grading or percentages. GPA equivalents on a numbered scale correspond to letter grades and a range of percentage grades. For example, on a 4.0 GPA scale, a 3.3 GPA could be equivalent to a B+ or an 87-89%.

Each institution may have their own GPA scale and equivalencies. Make sure the student’s GPA has been converted to the institution’s specific scale when assessing if it meets the academic requirements for a program. 

For example, a 4.0 scale could convert to these letter and percentage grades:

Prerequisite Course Requirements

A prerequisite is a specific class or program that must be completed before a student is eligible for a subsequent program. 

It's important to understand what the school and program prerequisites are before applying, because if a student does not meet the prerequisites, it's likely their application will be rejected.

1. A student will most likely have to take prerequisite courses in high school if they are applying to a highly specialized undergraduate program, such as STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math)-related degree programs.
2. Undergraduate degrees or diplomas must meet the prerequisite requirements for postgraduate program admission.

Language Requirements

Almost all Canadian post-secondary schools deliver programs in English, except for in Quebec, where the primary language of instruction is French. That's why international students applying from countries where English is not the primary language may have to pass an English Language Test as part of their application process. 

Some international students can prove their English proficiency without a language test, but it’s more common to take an English Language Test to meet the school’s language requirements.

All Canadian institutions accept International English Language Testing System (IELTS) scores and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores as proof of language proficiency.

Some Canadian post-secondary institutions may also accept test scores from other accredited language assessment institutes, like PTE, CAEL, or even Duolingo. These standardized tests are designed to evaluate students’ listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills.

Language test score requirements vary by program, and sometimes by the home country of the applicant. Some institutions only look at overall test scores, while others have cut-offs for scores in each of the four skill sections. Check program and institution language requirements to determine what score is required for successful application. Some institutions also offer students the option of completing a separate English language program to meet the language requirements.

French Language Proficiency

Many French institutions offer both English and French instruction, but French institutions (primarily in Quebec) also require students to prove their French proficiency to meet language requirements. 

Test d’Evaluation du Français (TEF) and Test de Connaissance du Français (TCF) are the most commonly recognized French language tests. Both the TEF and TCF evaluate oral and written French skills. Most institutions accept either test, but students should check each school’s requirements and take whichever language test that the school recommends.

Study Permits and Visas

The purpose of the information in this section is to help you understand the processes involved in studying in Canada.

Only a Regulated Canadian Immigration Consultant (RCIC) or the Government of Canada can provide immigration advice to students.

Please refer to the Government of Canada’s website(opens in a new tab) for the most current and accurate immigration requirements. 

Applying for a Study Permit and Visa

A student needs to have the right documents in order to support their application before they apply for a student visa. According to Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada, students must have the following documents.

Proof of Acceptance

This includes the original or electronic copy of a Letter of Acceptance (LOA). 

Students may be conditionally accepted to their program if they still need to complete prerequisite courses before beginning their main program. If a student has a conditional offer, a study permit may only be issued for the duration of the prerequisite course, plus an extra year. The student must apply for a new study permit once they’re accepted to their main program.

Proof of Identity

Students must provide a valid passport or travel document and travel documents for themselves and each accompanying family member, if applicable. Online applicants can submit an electronic copy of the information page of their passport. 

If their application is approved, the student must send their original passport and two recent passport-sized photos with their name and date of birth written on the back.

Proof of Financial Support

Students have to prove that they can support themselves and their accompanying family members during their stay in Canada. Students can prove that they have adequate funds with any of the following:

• Proof of a Canadian bank account in the student’s name, if they’ve transferred money to Canada 
• Guaranteed Investment Certificate (GIC) from a participating Canadian financial institution 
• Proof of a student or education loan from a bank
• Bank statements from the last six months 
• A bank draft that can be converted into Canadian dollars 
• Proof that tuition and housing expenses have been paid 
• A letter from the person or school providing the student with money 
• Proof of funding paid within Canada, if the student has a scholarship or is enrolled in a Canadian-funded educational program

The specific documents needed to show proof of financial support may vary depending on the student's country of origin. Always consult the Government of Canada's website(opens in a new tab) for the most current and accurate information.

Provincial or Territorial Attestation Letter (PAL/TAL)

A PAL or TAL is issued by the provincial or territorial government where the post-secondary institution is located. It confirms the student has been given a space at the institution within the province/territory's quota for international students.

As of October 2024, most post-secondary study permit applicants must include a PAL or TAL with their application.

The following applicants do NOT need a PAL/TAL:

• Primary/secondary students (K-12)
• Exchange students participating in an official exchange program between their school and a Canadian DLI, as long as they're not paying Canadian tuition fees
• Global Affairs Canada scholarship holders
• Students extending their study permit at the same level and same DLI
• Individuals eligible for public policy exemptions (i.e. diplomats' family members)

Other documents, such as a letter of explanation, a medical exam, a certificat d'acceptation du Québec (CAQ), or a custodian declaration (for minors only) may also be required. 

PAL/TAL Application Process

This process will vary by province or territory, and specific academic institutions may also have slightly different processes. Generally, the steps include:

• Acceptance of Offer: Students secure admission to a DLI by accepting their offer of admission.
• Tuition Deposit: Students pay the required tuition deposit.
• PAL/TAL Request: Students must follow the academic institution's process for requesting. a PAL/TAL. They may have to complete a request form or contact the campus international student office.

A PAL or TAL is typically valid until the end of the study permit cap year in which it was issued. For instance, a PAL/TAL issued between Jan. 22, 2024, and Jan. 21, 2025, is valid until Jan. 21, 2025.

Study permit applications submitted without a PAL or TAL won't be processed, and will be returned to the student.

How to Apply for a Student Visa

Students must apply for their visa online, unless they havee a disability that prevents them from applying online OR have identity or travel documents for non-national residents, refugees, or stateless persons. Most students must apply for a study permit before coming to Canada.

Students should read the Government of Canada's instruction guide before beginning their application. 

Gather All Required Documents

This potentially means writing a letter of explanation (if any documents are missing), acquiring a CAQ if applying to Quebec, gathering bank statements, scanning or taking photos of passport pages, and making sure all the information included on the documents is valid and up-to-date. 

If documents are missing or incomplete, it can slow down the processing time. Remember, any documents that are not in French or English require an English translation, and an affidavit from the person who translated it (if they aren't a certified translator).

To complete this process, students will also need a valid credit or debit card to pay processing and biometric fees. Some students may also need to pay third parties for medical exams, language testing, or police certificates.

Complete the Application

Most students must apply online. Students with a valid exemption may submit paper documents instead. Applying online is likely to have faster processing times, makes it easy to add additional documents, and access application updates through their online account.

Once ready to submit a study permit application, go to the Study Permit page(opens in a new tab) on the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) website. Once there, students must select their home country/territory under Step 1 to get country-specific study permit instructions. It's important to read through these instructions, too, as they will guide students through the process.

The next step is to prepare answers for the IRCC study permit online tool. By answering a series of questions, IRCC is able to create a personalized document checklist for each student. Students should print off this checklist for reference. Also, a copy of it must be completed and submitted with their visa application.

Then, students must create an online IRCC secure account(opens in a new tab) to apply online. This account may be used to pay fees, submit their application, and check their application status.

After logging in, students will complete the required forms. Then, they will be prompted to pay an application processing fee and/or a biometric fee (see step 3).

Pay the Fees and Submit the Application

The student or their family members may need to provide biometrics(opens in a new tab), or their fingerprints and photo. If this is the case, the student will need to pay both the processing fee and a biometric fee. Both fees must be paid at the same time to prevent delays. We recommend booking a biometrics collection appointment as quickly as possible.

When paying online, print two copies of the receipt with the IRCC barcode. One will be attached to the completed application. Keep a second copy as a proof of payment.

Attend an In-person Interview (if required)

Students may be asked to attend an in-person interview and/or submit additional documentation. Interviews are conducted with officials in the student’s home country. The requirement and nature of additional documents depends on the student’s application.

Attend a Medical Exam (if required)

The student may receive a medical exam request letter after they submit their documents and biometrics. This letter will contain information about how and where the student needs to complete their medical exam. The completion deadline is usually 30 days from the request issued date.

Receive Passport Request Letter

Although this letter is not an official approval, a Passport Request Letter will be sent only if the application is approved.

This letter will explain how to mail their passport to get their visa stamped or linked. The student must mail in their passport in order to receive either a visitor visa or an electronic travel authorization (eTA).

Receive Letter of Introduction (LOI)

The student will receive a port of entry Letter of Introduction (LOI)(opens in a new tab) if their application is approved. The student will also be sent an electronic travel authorization (eTA) or a visitor visa (temporary resident visa) to enter Canada. Whether the student receives a visitor visa or an eTA depends entirely on the individual application.

The LOI is not a study permit. Students must have this letter on hand when they arrive in Canada to obtain their study permit.

Permits for Minors Studying in Canada

Students seeking admission to a Canadian K-12 school are likely deemed a minor according to the provincial jurisdiction of their preferred study destination. These students’ application process is different from those of legal adults.

If a student is under the age of majority, their parents or legal guardians must prove that the minor child will have the care and support necessary during their stay in Canada. Minors must either come to Canada with their legal guardian, or have a custodian in Canada. Custodians must be Canadian citizens or permanent residents who will take good care of the student in their legal guardians’ stead.

Minors who want to study in Canada for six months or more must apply for a student visa. A student visa/study permit is not required if the minor is planning on studying for less than six months.

Minor children who are already in Canada and who are accompanying a parent who is permitted to study or work may study in Canada without a study permit at the preschool, primary, and secondary levels. However, IRCC recommends that they still apply fortheir own permit, even if it isn't mandatory. A minor whose parent is only authorized as a visitor, for example, is not authorized to study in Canada without a permit, and must apply for a student visa from their last country of residence.

Students need a letter of acceptance from a Canadian K-12 school in order to get a study permit. The exception to this rule is that minors accompanying a parent or legal guardian who has applied and been approved for a work or student visa before entering Canada do not need to provide a letter of acceptance from an educational institution.

Learn more about studying as a minor in Canada on the Government of Canada's website(opens in a new tab).

• •Minor children at the preschool and kindergarten levels are not required to hold a valid study permit if their parent is a Canadian citizen or permanent resident.
• •Study permits for primary school students are issued for a period of one year and can be renewed.
• •Study permits for students enrolled in secondary school (or high school) can be issued for the full length of the intended period of study in Canada, to a maximum of four years.

Application Processing Times

Application processing times vary depending on what country the student is applying from, whether they mailed their application or completed it online, and the volume of applications being processed at the same time.

Students should apply for their student visas well in advance of their projected start date (90-120 days). Applying in advance allows for potential processing delays. Students will also have time to reapply if their application gets rejected.(opens in a new tab)

The Government of Canada publishes approximate processing times by country on their website(opens in a new tab).

Student Visa Approvals

Complying with Study Permit Conditions

The study permit is an international student's single most important document. To ensure they can complete their studies in accordance with Canadian immigration and citizenship laws, they must comply with all conditions listed on their permit.

As a study permit holder in Canada, a student must: 

• Be enrolled at a designated learning institution (DLI)
• Show that they are actively pursuing their studies by:
  • Enrolling in full-time or part-time studies each academic semester 
  • Making progress towards completion of their program’s classes
  • Not taking authorized leaves from their program for more than 150 days 
• Inform Immigration, Citizenship and Refugees Canada (IRCC) if they change post-secondary institutions 
• End their studies if they no longer meet the requirements of being a student
• Leave Canada when their permit expires

It’s possible that the student’s study permit will include additional conditions that they must comply with. These conditions could include, but are not limited to:

• The level of studies a student may enrol in 
• If the student is allowed to work in Canada, including:
  • If a student can work on- or off-campus
  • If a student can complete a co-op work term or internship
• If the student needs to report for medical procedures 
• If the student is allowed to travel within Canada
• The date the student must stop studying

If the school they are attending loses its DLI status after the student has obtained their study permit, the student can continue studying at that school until their permit expires. The student will have to enrol at a school with DLI status if they want to extend their study permit.

Respecting the conditions of the issued study permit is central to a positive study experience in Canada. Additional details about study permit conditions can be found on the Government of Canada website(opens in a new tab). 

Bringing Family

In Canada, students don’t have to choose between getting a quality education and being with their loved ones. According to the Government of Canada, international students studying in Canada are eligible to bring family members and spouses along with them.

As of 2024, spouses and common-law partners are eligible for an open work permit, provided the primary student has a valid study permit, and is studying in a master's program of 16 months or longer, in a doctoral program, or an eligible bachelor's program(opens in a new tab). (Primary students in eligible bachelor's degree programs must be taking their program at a university.)

If spouses or partners are not eligible for an open work permit, there are other possible options. Refer to the Government of Canada's website(opens in a new tab) for details.

While the student is studying, their partner can work full-time for a Canadian employer without needing a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA). If the student receives a Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) after they graduate, their partner can renew their open work permit until the student’s PGWP expires. 

A student’s minor children (under 19 years) can also accompany the student and study at a K-12 school, but they must apply for and hold their own study permits. 

Student Visa Rejections

A student will receive a letter with the reasons why it was unsuccessful if their application is rejected. This refusal letter gives students the opportunity to reapply with an application that presents a stronger case for obtaining a student visa.

Common reasons for visa rejections:

• The student provided an inauthentic Letter of Acceptance (LOA)
• The student failed to supply proof of sufficient financial capacity
• There are issues with the student's travel or identity documents
• The student did not convince the visa officer that their main reason to travel to Canada is to study, or that they intend to leave after their study period
• There are inconsistencies in the student's grades or educational history

A student can reapply if they can adequately address the reasons for refusal outlined in the refusal letter. 

If the student has questions about why their visa was refused, IRCC recommends contacting the visa office that sent the refusal letter.

Tuition Fees

Tuition fees should be the first expense a student considers when looking at studying in Canada. Per Statistics Canada, the average international student’s tuition for an undergraduate degree in 2024/25 was C$40,114, and C$23,233 for a graduate degree. Tuition fees depend on the student’s program, level of study, and location. 

Keep in mind that colleges and universities frequently adjust their international tuition rates. Always check program pages for current tuition rates. 

Average International Tuition for Canadian Schools by Field of Study (2024/25)

Data Sources: Statistics Canada - undergraduate(opens in a new tab) | graduate(opens in a new tab)

K-12 and Language School Fees

While public K-12 education is free for Canadian residents, primary and secondary schools may charge tuition fees to international students. Yearly fees for international students attending secondary school can range from C$9,500-C$17,000(opens in a new tab).

Extracurriculars such as team sports or field trips may cost extra to participate in, ranging from about $10-$100 depending on the activity. 

Many primary school students bring packed lunches from home, but some schools offer meal programs. Many high school students also bring their lunch, though high schools typically have a cafeteria where students may purchase food. 

Language schools offer programs based on a certain number of weeks instead of running on a semester or term calendar. Fees are based on this same timeframe. While the cost of language school programs vary, EduCanada notes that tuition costs usually range between C$340 and C$425 per week(opens in a new tab).

Always check with the specific language institution to determine the exact cost of a language school program. 

Financial Assistance

Scholarships

There are a number of scholarships available to international students to help support them with education costs and living expenses while they study.

Some Canadian provinces and territories offer scholarships for international students to attract them to study at institutions in their region. Many universities also offer specific scholarships, funding, and financial aid for students wanting to study there. These may be program- or department-specific awards and may depend on the level of study. Students should review the financial aid section of the school’s website for more information. 

Living Expenses

It’s important that students understand how much money they’ll need to live in Canada and plan accordingly. Living costs include housing, food, utilities, internet, clothing, study materials, entertainment, transportation, laundry, insurance, and other miscellaneous items. 

Costs will vary depending on where the student decides to live. Costs are higher in bigger cities like Vancouver or Toronto and lower in smaller cities like Regina or Fredericton. 

Average On-Campus and Off-Campus Living Expenses (for an 8-month period or one academic year)

The costs listed in this table are estimations. 

Also, keep these things in mind when building a student budget:

• Some off-campus costs can be reduced if the student lives with roommates (like sharing groceries or utility bills)
• Campus meal plans are often available to students who live on- or off-campus
• The cost of books and supplies vary by program
• Utilities and internet are often included with on-campus living
• Some institutions require students to purchase a meal plan. Many institutions include a “one card” or equivalent which students use to purchase food from restaurants on-campus.

Budgeting doesn’t have to be complicated. Students should first figure out how much money they need for tuition and books. Then, they can decide whether they’d like to live on- or off-campus, and prioritize certain costs based on this choice. For example, food may cost less off-campus, but on-campus housing includes utilities and internet access. Personal preferences should also be factored into a student budget to ensure comfort and enjoyment during the academic year.

Use the Government of Canada's easy-to-use budget planner(opens in a new tab) as a guide to creating your own budget based on an average Canadian's monthly expenses.

Housing: On-Campus Versus Off-Campus

• On-CampusOn-campus living is the most popular option for a first-year student and has many benefits. Students can save money on housing, transportation, utilities, and internet. At some institutions, all first-year students are required to live on campus. If this is the case, the housing office will reach out after a student is accepted at the institution.Plus, living on-campus provides more opportunities to make friends quickly. It also allows students to participate more fully in the school’s extracurricular activities, as student residences are typically just a few minutes away from the institution’s main student hubs and amenities. 
• Off-CampusOff-campus living is a more popular option for second-year students and above, as well as for mature first-year students. 
  This option allows students to choose where they’d like to live in their chosen community. It also comes with additional costs based on the lease agreement, longer transportation times, and additional hidden costs, like the cost of furnishing an apartment. These costs can be lowered if the student decides to live with roommates, which is a popular option.
• HomestayThis option is more popular with secondary school students, although post-secondary students can consider this option as well. Students will live with a pre-approved and screened Canadian host family who provides a comfortable and welcoming home away from home. This is a great opportunity to become fully immersed in Canadian culture and language. The most popular way to make a Canadian homestay arrangement is through the Canada Homestay Network, which is a Canadian-family run, non-profit organization that helps students find homes in Canada.

Students should be wary of potential scams when looking for off-campus housing. Always view potential accommodations in person, or have someone you trust who lives locally see it for you before signing a lease.  Never send money to potential landlords before this viewing happens.

If students need to find temporary accommodations, they can consider staying in a local hotel, a hostel, or an AirBNB, which often offer discounted rates for extended stays. This option is expensive, so it should not be a primary plan for most students. 

Food, Entertainment, and Other Expenses

Food

Students will likely never have to worry about cooking for themselves if they live on-campus. Almost all residences have a dining hall that serves food throughout the day. School campuses usually have many different restaurants and coffee shops as well.

Food costs are typically combined in a meal plan fee paid at the beginning of each semester or year, depending on the institution.

Some residences allow small cooking appliances like a toaster, kettle, or hot plate. Almost all residences have a mini-fridge. Students should apply to a residence building with shared kitchen facilities if they want access to a full kitchen. 

Students must buy their own groceries if they live off-campus. Creating a grocery budget can help students be financially responsible. Overbuying is an easy habit to fall into if the student has never grocery shopped for one person before. Many grocery stores run discount days for students to help make groceries more affordable. Research the local supermarkets and compare prices online to see which stores are best. 

Clothing

This expense depends on how much the student enjoys shopping, but it’s important to remember that Canada does have four distinct seasons that require different clothing items. 

This factor is especially important in the winter months! An adequate winter jacket will be a necessary purchase once the student arrives if they travel to Canada without one. Coats can cost a couple of hundred dollars when new, but as students will wear it all winter, likely for all the years of their studies, a good one is a worthwhile investment. (Coats can also be picked up second-hand to save money.)

Thrift and second-hand clothing stores are a popular option for Canadian students. Students can find items like boots, jackets, or t-shirts for less than half of what they typically sell for. 

Entertainment

As a busy student, it’s important to take time to relax, de-stress, and enjoy everything Canada has to offer. Seeing an action flick at the movie theatre, watching a hockey game, joining fitness classes, or buying a gaming console are all good ways to relax after a day (or a week) of hard work. 

Entertainment options should be included in the student’s budget if entertainment is something that’s important to them during their stay. On a tighter budget? Check out campus events and sports leagues, or city-run programs. They're often cheaper than company-run (private) ones.

Average Cost of Daily Items and Activities in Canada 

The amount a student spends on transportation will depend on how close they live to their school, and if they’re working, how close they are to work. On-campus students can spend much less on transportation, but it is possible for off-campus students to keep these costs fairly low as well. Many post-secondary institutions include a city transit pass in their annual fees.

Many students get around by bicycle. Bikes are inexpensive if bought second-hand and allow students to tour their city at will without waiting for public transit. Make sure that the student is comfortable on a bicycle and check if the student’s city is bike-friendly before considering this option!

Cars are major investments that students don’t need to consider unless they plan to frequently travel large distances. There are alternative transportation options if students wish to travel outside of their city that cost much less than owning a car. Students living in well-equipped cities will have little need for a car.

Working While Studying

Working while studying allows students to gain valuable work experience in Canada, sometimes in their field. It can also lead to full-time employment after graduation. 

Working while studying can also make international study more affordable, and it’s a great way to become more familiar with the broader community. Depending on the work conditions listed in their study permit, international students can work in Canada in off-campus jobs, on-campus jobs, co-ops, and internships. 

Eligibility Criteria

Most students don’t need a work permit to work while they study, but they should check their study permit to make sure there aren’t any work restrictions included. 

Generally, students can work if they are a full time, post-secondary student attending a Designated Learning Institution (DLI), and enrolled in a program that's six months or longer that leads to a diploma, degree, or certificate. Eligible international students can typically work up to 24 hours per week during academic sessions, and full-time during regularly scheduled academic breaks like summer break or reading weeks. Students can only start work once their studies begin and will need a work permit after they graduate or their study permit expires. 

Students also need to get a social insurance number (SIN) to work in Canada, whether they work on or off-campus. A SIN is a 9-digit number issued by the Government of Canada. If the student believes they’re eligible for on or off-campus employment but it hasn’t been printed on their study permit, students can request an amendment to their permit at no cost so that they can apply for a SIN. 

International students are ineligible for work while studying if they are: 

• Only enrolled in an English or French as a second language (ESL or FSL) program
• Only taking general interest courses
• Only taking courses required to be accepted into a full-time program
• Only enrolled as a part-time student
• Not authorized to work off-campus while studying
• Restricted in any other way from working on their study permit 

Students who work while studying when they’re not eligible risk losing their permit and may have to leave Canada. Similarly, students who are eligible for work but do not adhere to the permit conditions also risk losing their permit and may have to leave. 

Eligibility criteria is subject to change over time, so international students should always check the Government of Canada's website for the most recent information.

On-Campus, Off-Campus, Co-ops, and Internships

On-Campus Employment

Working on-campus as an international student is an excellent way to become more familiar with your school’s student community.  Specific employment opportunities vary by institution, but most schools offer on-campus employment at the library, the writing centre, the book store, or in administration, print services, or food services. Becoming a student tutor is another popular option. 

Many graduate students are offered employment as a teaching or research assistant as part of their program.  If their work is related to a research grant, the student may be able to work on- or off-campus in a library, hospital, or research centre that’s part of the institution.

Off-Campus

Working off-campus gives students the opportunity to become more familiar with the community they live in and gain employment experience that may translate into full-time employment after graduation.

An international student could work off-campus as an intern, as part of a co-op program, or as a part or full-time employee with a private business or government department. 

Students can only work more than 24 hours per week during allocated study breaks. Some employers may not be familiar with this rule, so students should have a conversation with their employer about this and any other conditions on their study permit to ensure that they comply and are able to work off-campus worry-free. 

Co-ops and Internship

Many post-secondary institutions offer programs that require a work component. Co-op work placements allow students to work in their field of study for about 3-4 months (depending on the program) and count this valuable hands-on experience as credit toward their degree or diploma. 

International students need to apply for a co-op work permit when they’re enrolled in a co-op program. Students can apply for a co-op work permit if: 

• They have a valid study permit
• Work is required to complete their study program 
• They have a letter from their school confirming all students in their program need to complete work placements to get their degree
• Their co-op program placement totals 50% or less of their study program

Internships are work placements reserved for students or recent graduates and are designed to give students valuable experience over a few months’ time. Internships can be sought out by the student independently, or offered as part of a program. It is important to note that some internships are unpaid and are offered as a way to gain experience. The Canadian work permit required for internships is the same as the one required for co-op placements.

Volunteer Experience

Volunteering is freely giving time and labour for a community service or cause. 

Volunteering isn’t paid, but volunteer experience can enrich an international student’s sense of community, improve their English or French language skills, and give them Canadian work experience and valuable references to add to their resume.

Volunteer hours do not count towards an international student’s 24 allotted working hours per week because it’s unpaid work. This means that students can dedicate as much time as they’d like to for volunteering. Volunteer work can include advanced and managerial positions that may be more accessible than paid positions. Volunteer roles are also more likely to offer flexible hours than paid positions.

Volunteer experience can help students become competitive applicants for paid positions in the future. Volunteer experience can also help students submit competitive applications to professional post-secondary programs, such as medical or law school. 

There are lots of different volunteer opportunities available, so students should do their research and find a position that they’re passionate about! Learn more about volunteering opportunities in Canada on the Volunteer Canada website(opens in a new tab).

Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP)

The Post Graduation Work Permit program allows students who have graduated from eligible programs at designated learning institutions (DLIs) to gain work experience in their field.

The purpose of the information in this section is to help you understand the processes involved in working in Canada. Only a Regulated Canadian Immigration Consultant (RCIC) or the Government of Canada can provide immigration advice to students.

Refer to the Government of Canada’s website(opens in a new tab) for the most current and accurate immigration requirements. 

The experience and income international students gain from employment with a PGWP allows them to repay student loans and make valuable returns on their education investment. This work experience can even help students qualify for permanent residency in Canada. 

• Students graduating from a PGWP-eligible academic program that's two years or more in length can work up to three years following their period of study.
• Eligible students who completed master's programs which took over eight months but under two years may still be eligible for a three-year PGWP.
• Students in a PGWP-eligible academic program of eight months to two years in length can obtain a PGWP allowing them to work for up to the same length of time as their study program.
• Students in a program that's shorter than eight months are not eligible for a PGWP. Students must be in a full-time program for a minimum of eight months to be eligible. 

Students must apply within 180 days of receiving their final marks to be eligible for a PGWP. The student’s study permit must be valid in order to apply for PGWP within Canada. If the student’s study permit will expire before they receive their marks, they can apply to restore their student status, or leave Canada and apply for a PGWP from abroad.

PGWP Eligibility and Restrictions

General PGWP eligibility includes:

• Completing a study program at a designated learning institution (DLI)
• Maintaining full-time student status during each semester of the program (some exceptions exist, like being a part-time student during the final semester)
• Having a valid study permit at some point during the 180 days after graduation
• Meeting study-level-specific language, program length, and/or field of study requirements(opens in a new tab)

PGWP eligibility requirements are subject to change. Students should always refer to the Government of Canada's page on PGWP eligibility criteria(opens in a new tab) before they choose where to apply.

The most accurate way to find out if PGWP restrictions apply to a particular institution in Quebec is to check the list of DLIs(opens in a new tab) on the Government of Canada's website. Specific program eligibility requirements for impacted institutions are listed in the “Details” section of the school’s listing.

Other Work Permits

A student may still be able to work in Canada if they still have a valid study permit, even if they’re ineligible for a PGWP. Students with an eligible job offer from a Canadian company can obtain an open-work permit or an employer-specific work permit to stay and work in Canada.

Open-work permits allow people to work for any Canadian employer except for employers who fail to comply with open-work permit conditions. 

An employer-specific work permit allows you to work according to the conditions on your permit, which include:

• The name of the employer you can work for
• How long you can work
• The location you can work, if applicable 

For more information on eligibility requirements regarding open and employer-specific work permits, visit the Government of Canada website(opens in a new tab). 

Paths to Permanent Residency

One of the greatest advantages of studying in Canada is the opportunity to pursue permanent residency, allowing students to make Canada their new home. Always consult a certified immigration consultant or the Government of Canada’s website(opens in a new tab) to make sure you comply with the most current and accurate immigration requirements. 

Canada’s 2025–2027 Immigration Levels Plan includes both temporary and permanent residents. For 2025 to 2027, Canada aims to welcome up to 395,000 permanent residents in 2025, 380,000 in 2026, and 365,000 in 2027.

Students can use their Canadian education combined with their work experience in Canada to qualify for permanent residency. In fact, the number of international students who have made the transition to permanent residency has averaged around 25% in the last twenty years. Studies show that Canadian-educated immigrants earn higher wages on average than foreign-educated immigrants.

Canada recognizes the potential value that international students bring to Canadian culture and economy, so the Canadian Government has designed unique pathway programs to help students on their way to permanent residence. Canada’s federal pathway programs are accessed through the Express Entry online system, engineered to simplify the application process for skilled workers who want to become permanent residents. 

Express Entry

There’s no "one-size fits all" list of requirements when it comes to Express Entry. Check the detailed requirements for each program that is part of the Express Entry system to find out if a student is eligible. Programs included in Express Entry are:

• Canadian Experience Class
• Federal Skilled Workers Program 
• Federal Skilled Trades Program

While eligibility varies from program to program, common minimum requirements include:

• Strong English or French skills
• Work experience aligning with a National Occupation Code skill level
• A job offer from a Canadian employer
• Secondary education or above
• Proof of funds

According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), once students submit their profile online with documentation that supports their eligibility, they’ll be assessed for Express Entry. Some of the documents required for the profile can take a long time to get, so it's wise to prepare a profile as early as possible. Students will be admitted into the Express Entry pool of candidates if they’re eligible. 

The students are then ranked using a point-based system, with points awarded based on the information provided in their profile. Applicants with the highest scores are sent an application to apply for permanent residence. Students have to send in their application within 60 days of receiving the invitation. 

Find out more about Express Entry programs on the Government of Canada website(opens in a new tab). 

Unique Immigration Programs by Province

Most Canadian provinces and territories (except Nunavut) have their own immigration program stream with specific requirements. How applicants apply to each program depends on which program they’re applying to. 

Note: Quebec has a specialized immigration stream, which has a different process than the other provinces; click on the Quebec marker on the map below to learn more. Also, students interested in living in the Atlantic provinces can apply via the Atlantic Immigration Program or their province-specific stream.

Applicants can apply online for nomination under the non-Express Entry stream, or under an Express Entry stream. Either way, applicants must meet the eligibility requirements of each province’s/territory’s program, and submit an Express Entry profile to demonstrate their eligibility for one of its immigration programs. Here’s a quick overview of each Provincial Nomination Program (PNP), Quebec Immigration, and the Atlantic Immigration Program: 

Other Immigration Streams

Two new immigration pilots were launched in January 2025(opens in a new tab):

1. Rural Community Immigration Pilot: Attracts newcomers to 18 rural communities across Canada. Offers a pathway to PR for people filling key jobs.
2. Francophone Community Immigration Pilot: Attracts French-speaking immigrants to communities outside of Quebec to promote linguistic diversity.

The Innovation Stream program(opens in a new tab) was also launched in March 2024 as part of Canada's Tech Talent Strategy. It targets highly skilled tech professionals. Eligible candidates with job offers from employers participating in the Global Hypergrowth Project can get employer-specific, Labour Market Impact Assessment-exempt work permits.